Below is a factual report focused on the documented problem of police agencies failing to submit or timely process sexual-assault evidence kits, commonly called rape kits.
Report: Police Failure to Process Sexual-Assault Evidence Kits
Executive summary
For years, police departments and related evidence systems in the United States left large numbers of sexual-assault kits unsubmitted, untested, or delayed for years. Federal research and documented local investigations show this was not just a laboratory problem. In many jurisdictions, the decision to send a kit for testing historically rested with police investigators, and those decisions were shaped by victim-blaming attitudes, lack of written submission policies, weak evidence-tracking systems, budget and staffing shortages, and poor coordination among police, labs, prosecutors, and victim advocates.
The public-safety consequences have been severe. Testing long-ignored kits has repeatedly identified serial offenders, generated thousands of DNA matches, and linked crimes across multiple states. Those results directly contradict the premise that many of these kits were too old, too weak, or too unimportant to test.
As of January 2025, 49 states and Washington, D.C. had enacted laws supporting at least some rape-kit reform measures, and reform efforts were still continuing in 2025. That progress itself is evidence of how widespread and entrenched the problem had been.
What the evidence shows
A sexual-assault kit is collected after a medical forensic exam and can contain biological evidence such as semen, blood, or saliva. NIJ notes that many jurisdictions have struggled with evidence that was never submitted to a crime lab, and that the true national number has been hard to determine in part because many agencies long relied on antiquated tracking and counting systems.
Federal research is explicit that police practices were central to the backlog. NIJ found that, historically, “the decision to test the sexual assault kit laid primarily with the investigator,” and those investigators often weighed whether the suspect was already known or whether they viewed the case as a “consent issue.” NIJ’s Detroit research also identified five recurring drivers: victim-blaming beliefs and behaviors, no written submission protocol, budget and lab-capacity problems, high leadership turnover, and strained relationships and poor training among partner agencies.
That means the crisis cannot be described as a purely technical lab backlog. In documented jurisdictions, police discretion and police culture were part of the reason kits sat in storage instead of being tested. NIJ’s review of the national problem likewise describes research into the “underlying reasons why police do not submit this evidence for DNA testing.”
Case studies
1) Los Angeles County, California
Human Rights Watch documented that Los Angeles County had at least 12,669 untested sexual-assault kits in police storage facilities, including the Los Angeles Police Department, the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, and 47 independent local police departments. The report concluded that these untested kits represented “lost justice” for victims who had already endured a four-to-six-hour evidence-collection process.
The same report documented a concrete public-safety consequence: in one case, a detective knew from the modus operandi that the rapist appeared to be a repeat offender, yet the victim’s kit still sat for months before testing. When the kit was finally processed, it produced a “cold hit,” and during the delay the same rapist attacked at least two additional victims, including a child.
Human Rights Watch also found declining rape arrest rates in Los Angeles. In 2007, the Los Angeles Police Department’s rape arrest rate was 25% of reported cases, down from 30% in 1999; the Sheriff’s Department’s rate fell from 33% to 28% over the same period. HRW recommended mandatory status notification, evidence preservation, formal submission systems, better tracking, and dedicated units to investigate DNA matches produced by delayed testing.
2) Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is one of the most documented examples. In 2009, the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office discovered 11,341 untested rape kits in a Detroit Police Department storage facility. By April 2022, the known Detroit backlog had been fully analyzed; as of November 2025, those efforts had produced 3,162 DNA matches, identified 858 serial rapists, and led to 264 convictions. The tested kits were linked to crimes in 41 states and Washington, D.C.
The Detroit research also documented why the kits accumulated. A DOJ-hosted final report states that the vast majority of Detroit kits in police property had not been submitted for forensic testing, and it identified cultural and organizational factors, including attitudes about what constituted a “real rape.” The report found that these attitudes directly affected law-enforcement decisions about whether to submit kits for testing.
The significance of Detroit is twofold: first, it shows the scale of police non-submission; second, it shows that once testing occurred, the results were not marginal. They exposed repeat offenders and generated cases that conventional investigative practices had missed.
3) Houston, Texas
In March 2012, the Houston Police Department crime lab identified 6,571 criminal sexual cases in which a sexual-assault kit had not been submitted for testing. In a studied sample, DNA profiles were developed from 55% of the kits, and 21% produced a CODIS hit.
Houston also shows the cost of delay. By the end of the study period, the statute of limitations had expired in 44% of the CODIS-hit cases. In other words, testing eventually generated useful investigative information, but many cases had already been damaged or foreclosed by delay. The study also found that in some cases investigators could no longer contact victims, and in some others victims were unwilling to re-engage years later.
This is one of the clearest documented examples of how institutional delay can convert usable evidence into diminished or lost accountability.
4) Cleveland and Ohio’s statewide initiative
Ohio’s initiative provides another documented example of what happens when old kits are finally tested. By late 2013, the Ohio Attorney General reported that out of 1,585 tested kits, 505 had produced DNA hits in CODIS, the evidence pointed to more than 100 serial rapists, and in Cleveland alone more than 50 indictments had already been returned.
End the Backlog later reported that Cleveland had discovered nearly 4,000 untested rape kits, dating back to 1993, and that testing the first 2,326 yielded 968 CODIS matches, 324 investigations, and 204 criminal indictments.
The Ohio experience is important because it shows that the kits were not dead evidence. Once tested, they produced investigative leads at scale.
5) Memphis, Tennessee
In 2013, Memphis Police publicly acknowledged that the department had more than 12,000 untested rape kits in storage facilities, about 4,000 more than previously reported, and estimated that it would cost more than $4 million to process them.
Even without a full outcome dataset in the source used here, Memphis is a documented example of the scale of police-side evidence neglect. It also illustrates another recurring feature of the national crisis: agencies sometimes did not initially have an accurate count of their own untested kits.
6) New Orleans, Louisiana
NIJ reported that in a one-year New Orleans project testing 1,000 sexual-assault kits, CODIS hits aided police investigations in 13% of cases. The project emerged after the Justice Department began investigating the New Orleans Police Department in 2010.
New Orleans matters because it reinforces the same pattern seen elsewhere: when agencies finally test older sexual-assault evidence, they often uncover viable investigative leads that had been left unused.
Documented reasons police ignored or delayed the evidence
The strongest evidence on causation comes from NIJ-backed research. It shows that the backlog grew not from one cause but from a cluster of institutional failures:
Police investigators often had discretion over whether to submit a kit, especially historically. They considered whether the suspect was already known, whether they viewed the case as a consent dispute, and whether they believed testing was worth the cost or effort.
Researchers in Detroit identified explicit victim-blaming beliefs among some officers, including reactions such as “she’s not acting like a real victim” or viewing cases as mere “he-said, she-said” disputes. They also found missing written policies, staff and budget cuts, lab-capacity problems, leadership instability, and weak coordination among police, prosecutors, crime labs, hospitals, and victim advocates.
Separate NIJ material also notes that modern DNA testing and the supporting CODIS infrastructure were not widely available until the late 1990s, and that many jurisdictions lagged badly in computerized evidence tracking. That historical point matters, but it does not erase later institutional responsibility: many agencies still failed to fix submission, tracking, and review practices long after the value of DNA evidence was clear.
Consequences
The documented consequences fall into four categories.
First, serial offenders remained free. Detroit’s tested kits identified 858 serial rapists, and Los Angeles documentation showed a delayed-tested kit linked to a perpetrator who assaulted additional victims while the evidence sat unprocessed.
Second, cases became harder or impossible to prosecute because of delay. In Houston, 44% of CODIS-hit cases in the sample were already outside the statute of limitations by the time the evidence was finally yielding results.
Third, survivors were forced to endure invasive exams without the promised investigative follow-through. HRW’s Los Angeles report emphasized that victims consented to lengthy forensic collection only to have evidence shelved.
Fourth, police and prosecution systems lost opportunities to solve connected crimes across jurisdictions. Detroit’s backlog testing linked offenses in 41 states and Washington, D.C., showing how local non-submission can have interstate consequences.
Reform and current status
Federal and state governments have responded with policy reform, funding, and tracking initiatives. The Bureau of Justice Assistance’s Sexual Assault Kit Initiative supports inventorying, tracking, testing, victim notification, and the investigation and prosecution of cold cases produced by DNA hits. BJA says a significant number of people linked to previously unsubmitted kits are responsible for multiple violent offenses.
At the state level, reform has become widespread. End the Backlog reported that as of January 2025, 49 states and Washington, D.C. had passed laws supporting at least some aspects of rape-kit reform. Its 2025 materials also document continuing progress, including new tracking-system legislation and states announcing that they had cleared major backlogs.
Conclusion
The factual record is clear: the rape-kit crisis was not merely a laboratory delay problem. In many documented jurisdictions, police agencies failed to submit sexual-assault evidence for testing, lacked reliable tracking systems, applied inconsistent or biased screening judgments, and allowed thousands of kits to remain in storage for years. Federal research, human-rights investigations, and local case outcomes all point to the same conclusion: ignoring or delaying rape-kit testing denied justice to survivors and allowed some serial offenders to continue committing violent crimes.